大学英语教案6篇
教师通过准备教案可以合理分配教学时间，提高教学效益，恰当安排的教案能够提高学生的学习效率，以下是淘范文小编精心为您推荐的大学英语教案6篇，供大家参考。
大学英语教案篇1
一、学生分析
三年级这个学期一共有89位同学，其中6个插班生，一个插班生之前没有学过，只在开学前学习了字母，4个插班生学习过英语口语，但是遗忘率比较高，还有一位林锦燕同学，字母书写较好，掌握得也比较好。整体来说，这届三年级对英语学习还是有兴趣的，书写也比较好。主要存在问题在于个别学生不认真听讲，不按时完成作业。所以在教学中，要注意关注这几位同学，以培养英语学习的兴趣、打好英语学习基础为重点，为以后的英语学习做好准备。
二、教学目标（参照学期初教材分析）
1、语音目标
(1)语音准确(发音、重音)，知道错误的发音会影响交际;
(2)语调自然(轻重读、升降调、停顿等);
(3)渗透常见简单的辅音及5个元音字母的发音，了解简单的拼读规则;
2、词汇目标
共有217个单词，其中四会单词有128个，三会单词有64个，二会单词有25个;主要有如下几大类：问候语、身体、文具、颜色、交通工具、形状、数词等。
3、语法目标
(1)知道、理解名词复数和句型。
eg： five apples, ten triangles…
these are / they are/ there are …。
(2)熟悉冠词的表达法：a book, a nose, the sun, an eye…
三、教材重点难点
教材重点：
1、能听、说、读、写英语字母aa--zz。
2、培养良好的书写习惯，能做到书写规范、整洁。
教材难点：能比较熟练地运用所学的日常交际用语。
四、主要措施
1、规范学生的作业，统一要求，规范书写。每天布置听、读至少20分钟，每天的家听本作业默写或者听写字母和单词，结合书法比赛宣传和鼓励学生认真书写。
2、每月一次的词汇竞赛，培养学生记忆单词的能力。
3、培养学生良好的`朗读习惯，要求学生读书时将书本平摊在桌面，读到哪一句就用手指指到哪一句，要求学生跟着磁带或光盘读，要模仿上面的语音和语调，打下良好的语音语调基础。
5、在教学的同时，我还将结合教材中的身体、颜色和交通工具的话题，对学生进行个人卫生、环境保护和交通安全的教育。
五、教学进度安排表
本学期一共19周，用于正常教学的时间比较短，所以计划前两周复习26个字母，从第三周开始每周学习一个unit, 每两个module进行一次单元测验。用两周的时间进行期末总复习。
大学英语教案篇2
1、教幼儿能听懂并说出眼睛、鼻子、嘴巴的英文名称
2、通过各种游戏活动，培养幼儿学习英语的.兴趣。
3、通过各种游戏练习，使幼儿了解各器官的作用和功能。
1、字卡：eye[ai]眼睛nose(nauz)鼻子mouth[mau]嘴巴；
2、粘贴小红花若干；
3、磁带。
一、听录音，和老师一起做“五官操”，以及激发幼儿的学习热情，并让幼儿接触“eye,mose,mouth”的发音。
儿歌：
eye、eye、eye.眨呀眨
nose、nose、nose.闻一闻
mouth、mouth、mouth.波波波
ears、ears、ears.听声音
二、学习单词：eye、mouse、mouth.
师：我们每个人都有一张“face”，在我们的”face”上长有器官，谁能告诉我这些器官的名称，小朋友边说老师边在黑板上画五官，并用英语说:eye two
eye snose mouth。最后添上头发，耳朵画成一个调度小男孩。幼儿练“eye mouse mouth”时按五官的上下顺序，同时注意幼儿发音是否规范。
三、游戏：
摸鼻眼（摸对者奖励小红花）
方法：
师：touch your eyes,one、two、three，
幼：（手指眼睛）here、here、here，
师：touch your nose,one、two、three，
幼（手指鼻子）here、here、here，
师：touthyourmouth,one、two、three.
幼：（手指嘴边）here、here、here。
四、活动延伸：
小朋友每三人一组，给缺少五官的脸谱添画eye nose mouth在添画时告诉大家你画的是什么。
五、结束：
和老师一起做“五官操”，然后逐步下课。
大学英语教案篇3
一、班级情景分析：
本学期我班有36个小孩，均为本学期刚刚入园的新生。在新生调查表中我们了解到：在我班共有几个幼儿上过小小班，对园内生活有了必须的经验和知识上的准备，所以大部分幼儿入园后能较快的适应新的环境，并能参与到教学活动中。大部分小孩在家受家人的宠爱，以自我为中心，来园时，哭闹情景多较，对父母和祖辈依靠性较强，一些幼儿抓做大人的脖子不肯放手，一些孩子手脚乱跳，还有一些孩子对家长又抓又咬，情绪很激动，在和幼儿接触和交谈中发现幼儿自理本事和行为习惯普遍较差，如：不会自我吃饭啊，不会入厕，有的个性较强，构成了许多的坏习惯，时常与同伴为了争抢玩具发生攻击行为，有的不和群，任性，有的说话不清楚———为了使这些幼儿能尽快稳定情绪，适应幼儿园的生活，养成良好的行为习惯，构成良好的常规意识，我们教师将齐心协力，团结合作，把更好的精力投入到工作当中去，使每为幼儿都能愉快的生活，取的可喜的提高。
二、级工作任务及目标
以幼儿园工作规程为指针，根据园务工作计划，扎扎实实，作好保教工作和家长工作，主要抓好幼儿的一日常规教育及品德教育，增强幼儿体质，发展幼儿语言本事，注意智力的开发，使幼儿在体、智、德、美诸方面得到全面的发展。
总目标：
1、经过各种教育手段让幼儿能感受成人的关心和爱护，并激发其爱父母、爱教师的情感，会使用一些礼貌用语。
2、提醒帮忙幼儿遵守团体生活行为规则，能和同伴共同游戏。
3、培养幼儿初步的自我服务本事，能参加简单的劳动，做自我能做的事。
4、调动幼儿的情绪参加各项活动，并能发表意见。
5、鼓励幼儿愿意与同伴交往。
6、能和家人、小朋友、教师等关系密切的人友好相处，明白应当关心别人。
7、学习分辨事物是与非的最基本的原则。
8、初步认识团体、公共等概念，学写有关有利与团体、公共等的基本原则。
三、环境创设：
1、本学期我们将以主题形式来布置环境，并与每月的'主题活动密切配合，及时更换主题。同时充分利用废旧物品，以供给成品或半成品材料为主，鼓励幼儿动手参与，发展幼儿的协调本事、动手操作本事以及提高幼儿的环保意识。
2、充分利用家长资源，鼓励家长与幼儿一齐利用废旧物品进行手工
四、具体工作措施。
1.“一切以幼儿利益优先”的工作原则，尊重幼儿，平等地对待幼儿。树立高度的教育意识，不断修正服务态度，围绕幼儿利益和为家长服务全方位地改善服务质量，使家长能真正感受到我们的一切工作都落实了“一切以幼儿利益优先”的原则，以诚信换取家长的信任。
2.“忠诚、敬业、服从、勤奋”地工作，与时俱进，进取调整心态，适应课改带来的变化，在探索中享受欢乐，在反思中寻求发展，萌发内在的工作、学习动机，促进自我提升和团体事业的发展。
3、我和李教师刘教师是新组合，同时本班的班长杨教师正在休假中，这个学期由我担任暂时班长职务，所以对彼此工作的配合协调是一个较大的挑战，所以，我们必须在工作中加强彼此间的交流与配合、协调与联系，分析，如分工、时间配合、家长工作和教育、培养幼儿的方法上的差异，然后调整教育工作资料与措施，分工情景。使三人不断经过自身的调整，将个人意愿达成一致，团结协作，决不掉队。
4、牢固树立“终身学习”的意识，在职业道德和专业发展上要对团体、对自我负职责，积极参加各种研习活动和进修课程，不断更新知识、更新教育观念，提高业务水平和自身的素质。
五、逐月目标：
9月保教、常规、德育及安全目标：
保教：
1、稳定幼儿情绪，制定计划。学习模仿操。
2、发动家长带一些玩具来幼儿园，让幼儿在团体活动中体验欢乐。
3、环境布置，布置《我上幼儿园》主题活动
4、发放家园联系条。
常规：
1.幼儿进行常规教育。(要求幼儿学会洗手、入厕、大小便。)
2.安静就坐，愉快进餐，学会餐后擦嘴、漱口。
3.安静就寝，睡姿正确。
德育：
1、让幼儿学习儿歌，对幼儿进行礼貌教育;
2、鼓励幼儿高高兴兴上幼儿园;
3、教育幼儿同伴间互相友爱互相帮忙
安全：
新生幼儿刚刚入园，必须要抓好幼儿接送证制度，两位教师都必须在场，一个教师送上接送车，一个教师看其他小朋友。与家长交流时，一个教师必须在看小朋友，不能两个教师同时与家长交流。
10月：
1、环境布置，更改主题墙。
2放家园联系册。
常规：
3、继续进行常规教育。
4、离园时，收拾好玩具，排放好桌椅并与教师说“再见”后离园。
5、在教师的指导下，玩户外大型体育器械。
德育：
1、教育幼儿好定息与别人分享，会谦让;
2、教育幼儿要爱护花草树木，不摘花;
3、培养孩子讲卫生，爱清洁的习惯;
4、教育幼儿爱护玩具，与同伴友爱地玩。
安全：
带班教师在带班时，每一天都要注意是否有小朋友遗留在厕所、教室、午睡室。入厕所时，必须要有教师跟着，以免幼儿在上厕所时滑倒摔伤;洗手时注意幼儿不要把水龙头开的太大，以免弄湿衣服;教育活动时避免幼儿在教室乱跑乱撞;午睡时，带班教师必须要在场。
11月：保教、常规、德育及安全目标：
保教：
1、环境布置，供给一些有关各行各业人物的图片，让幼儿认一认，说一说。
2、组织幼儿一齐进行种植活动，鼓励、引导幼儿共同来照顾自我的自然物。
3、丰富区角活动材料，开展班级“喂娃娃”比赛。
4、继续开展课题活动
5、发放家园联系条
常规：
1、继续进行常规教育。
2、初步懂得遵守一些简单的游戏规则。
3、初步懂得遵守一些简单的游戏规则。
4、离园时，收拾好玩具，排放好桌椅并与教师说“再见”后离园。
德育：
1、养幼儿初步的轮流、等待意识，让幼儿初步懂得生活中应遵守必须的规则与秩序;
2、明白同伴间要团结友爱，相互帮忙。
安全：
来园时要注意小朋友是否带有危险物品，如：别针、纽扣、小刀、硬币、铁丝、玻璃器皿等到幼儿园。如果有，教师要及时将其收藏，以免吞进肚里或刺伤其他小朋友。
12月保教、常规、德育及安全目标：
保教：
1、环境创设，布置手帕专栏，供幼儿欣赏。
2、继续丰富区角活动材料，开设娃娃家的同时，同时开设“小吃店”，培养的语言表达本事和合作本事。
3、鼓励幼儿不怕冷，做个好宝宝，能坚持来幼儿园上课。]
常规：
1、继续进行常规教育。
2、洗手时不玩水，懂得节俭用水。
3、要求幼儿会用手帕擦嘴巴，擦鼻涕，吃饭时能吃完自我碗里的饭菜，并坚持身上干净。懂得如何正确使用手帕。
4、明白爱护用具与材料，不摔，不乱丢玩具。
德育：
1、培养孩子讲卫生，爱清洁的习惯;
2、初步掌握日常生活中的简单礼貌用语“你好”、“请”、“多谢”、“再见”等培养幼儿有礼貌的行为。
安全：
1、户外活动时，要稳定幼儿情绪，不让幼儿太激动，以免乱奔乱跑，发生意外
2、教育幼儿在转弯抹角的地方不能跑，防止碰撞。
1月保教、常规、德育及安全目标：
保教：
1、更换主题环境。
2、开展新年活动
3、复习主题活动
常规：
1、在教师的指导下，玩户外大型体育器械。
2、学会与同伴一齐游戏，懂得运用礼貌用语进行交往。
2、明白爱护用具与材料，不摔，不乱丢玩具。
德育：
1、初步掌握日常生活中的简单礼貌用语“你好”、“请”、“多谢”、“再见”等培养幼儿有礼貌的行为。
2、培养幼儿翻阅图书和听成人朗读的兴趣。
安全：
来园时要注意小朋友是否带有危险物品，如：别针、纽扣、小刀、硬币、铁丝、玻璃器皿等到幼儿园。如果有，教师要及时将其收藏，以免吞进肚里或刺伤其他小朋友。
六、建家园联系的桥梁
家长的支持对我们的教育工作至关重要，我们将充分挖掘家长的资源，做好家长工作。
1、“家园共育”是我们沟通的一个桥梁。我们会定期的向家长公布幼儿学习的资料，介绍一些育儿的经验和一些先进的信息，也请家长来谈谈自我的经验，摘取幼儿生活中的点滴。它是我们互通信息的纽带，只要我们教学需要，我们会请家长配合。
2、个别访谈。个别的交流、谈话不仅仅能增进相互之间的了解，也使家长和教师更容易沟通，更能清晰的了解自我孩子的优点和不足之处，从而对症下药。
大学英语教案篇4
harvey mackay, who runs his own company, often interviews applicants for jobs. here he lets us into the secret of what qualities an employer is looking for, and gives four tips on what can help you to stand out from the crowd.
自己经营公司的哈维·麦凯经常对求职者进行面试。文中他告诉我们关于雇主看重什么样品质的秘密，并提出点建议，帮助你显得比众人突出。
get the job you want
得到你想要的工作
harvey b. mackay
哈维·b·麦凯
i run a manufacturing company with about employees, and i often do the interviewing and hiring myself. i like talking to potential salespeople, because they're our link to customers.
我经营着一家有名左右员工的制造公司，我本人常常要对求职者进行面试，决定是否聘用。我喜欢与可能成为营业员的人交谈，因为他们会是我们与顾客联系的纽带。
when a recent college graduate came into my office not too long ago looking for a sales job, i asked him what he had done to prepare for the interview. he said he'd read something about us somewhere.
不久前一个新近毕业的大学生到我办公室谋求一份销售工作。我问他为这次面试做过哪些准备。他说他在什么地方看到过有关本公司的一些情况。
had he called anyone at mackay envelope corporation to find out more about us? no. had he called our suppliers? our customers? no.
他有没有给麦凯信封公司的人打过电话，好了解更多有关我们的情况?没打过。他有没有给我们的供应厂商打过电话?还有我们的客户?都没有。
had he checked with his university to see if there were any graduates working at mackay whom he could interview? had he asked any friends to grill him in a mock interview? did he go to the library to find newspaper clippings on us?
他可曾在就读的大学里查问过有没有校友在本公司就职，以便向他们了解一些情况?他可曾请朋友向他提问，对他进行模拟面试?可曾去图书馆查找过有关本公司的剪报?
did he write a letter beforehand to tell us about himself, what he was doing to prepare for the interview and why he'd be right for the job? was he planning to follow up the interview with another letter indicating his eagerness to join us? would the letter be in our hands within hours of the meeting, possibly even hand-delivered?
他事先有没有写封信来介绍自己，告诉我们自己为这次面试在做哪些准备，自己何以能胜任此项工作?面试之后他是否打算再写一封信，表明自己加盟本公司的诚意?这封信会不会在面试后的小时之内送到我们手上，也许甚至是亲自送来?
the answer to every question was the same: no. that left me with only one other question: how well prepared would this person be if he were to call on a prospective customer for us? i already knew the answer.
他对上述每一个问题的回答全都一样：没有。这样我就只剩一个问题要问了：如果此人代表本公司去见可能成为我们客户的人，他准备工作会做得怎样?答案不言自明。
as i see it, there are four keys to getting hired:
在笔者看来，如欲被聘用，应注意四个要诀：
1 . prepare to win. "if you miss one day of practice, you notice the difference," the saying goes among musicians. "if you miss two days of practice, the critics notice the difference. if you miss three days of practice, the audience notices the difference."
1. 准备去赢。“一日不练，自己知道，”音乐家中有这样的说法。"两日不练，音乐评论家知道。三日不练，观众知道。"
when we watch a world-class musician or a top athlete, we don't see the years of preparation that enabled him or her to become great. the michael jordans of the world have talent, yes, but they're also the first ones on and the last ones off the basketball court. the same preparation applies in every form of human endeavor. if you want the job, you have to prepare to win it.
我们在观看音乐家或顶尖运动员的表演时，看到的并不是使他们变成出类拔萃人物的长年苦练。世界上诸如迈克尔·乔丹这样的顶尖人物无疑具有非凡才能，但他们在篮球场上也是第一个到，最后一个走。同样的苦练适用于人类的各项活动。若想被聘用，就要准备去赢。
when i graduated from college, the odds were good that i would have the same job for the rest of my life. and that's how it worked out. but getting hired is no longer a once-in-a-lifetime experience. employment experts believe that today's graduates could face as many as ten job changes during their careers.
我大学毕业时，我极有可能终身从事同一个工作。当时情况也的确如此。但如今已不再是一生被聘去做一个工作了。指导就业的专家认为，今天的大学毕业生在他们的生涯中可能会经历多达10次的职业变动。
that may sound like a lot of pressure. but if you're prepared, the pressure is on the other folks -- the ones who haven't done their homework.
听上去似乎压力不小。然而，如果你做了准备，压力就是别人的—那些没做准备的人.
you won't get every job you go after. the best salespeople don't close every sale. michael jordan makes barely half of his field-goal attempts. but it takes no longer to prepare well for one interview than to wander in half-prepared for five. and your prospects for success will be many times better.
你不可能得到你想要的每份工作。的售货人员也不可能每次都成交。迈克尔·乔丹投篮命中率勉强过半。但认真准备一次面试的时间不会多于马马虎虎准备五次面试的时间，而你成功的可能性要多得多。
2. never stop learning. recently i played a doubles tennis match paired with a -year-old. i wondered how things would work out; i shouldn't have. we hammered our opponents 6-1, 6-1!
2. 永不中断学习。最近我和一位高龄的老者搭档打双人网球。我琢磨着那会是什么结局;可我的担心是多余的。我们以两个6:1击败对手。
as we were switching sides to play a third set, he said to me, "do you mind if i play the backhand court? i always like to work on my weaknesses." what a fantastic example of a person who has never stopped learning. incidentally, we won the third set 6-1.
我们交换场地打第三局时，他对我说：“我打反手击球你不介意吧?我向来喜欢多练练自己的弱点。”好一个永不中断学习的精彩实例。顺便说一下，我们6:1赢了第三局。
as we walked off the court, my -year-old partner chuckled and said, "i thought you'd like to know about my number-one ranking in doubles in the united states in my age bracket, 85 and up!" he wasn't thinking 90; he wasn't even thinking 85. he was thinking number one.
走出赛场，我那高龄的搭档笑着说：“你也许想知道我在岁以上年龄段的美国网球双打排名第一!”他想的不是年届90，想的甚至也不是85岁高龄。他想的是第一。
you can do the same if you work on your weaknesses and develop your strengths. to be able to compete, you've got to keep learning all your life.
如果你努力克服自己的弱点，发挥自己的优势，你同样可以做得那么好。要有能力竞争，就得终生学习。
3. believe in yourself, even when no one else does. do you remember the four-minute mile? athletes had been trying to do it for hundreds of years and finally decided it was physically impossible for humans. our bone structure was all wrong, our lung power inadequate.
3. 相信自己，哪怕没人相信你。还记得那4分钟跑一英里的往事吗?几百年来，运动员们一直试图实现这一目标，最终人类的身体无法做到。我们的骨结构不适应，我们的肺活量跟不上。
then one human proved the experts wrong. and, miracle of miracles, six weeks after roger bannister broke the four-minute mile, john landy beat bannister's time by nearly two full seconds. since then, close to eight hundred runners have broken the four-minute mile!
可是，有一个人证明那些专家错了。奇迹中的奇迹是，在罗杰·班尼斯特打破4分钟一英里的纪录6个星期之后，约翰·兰迪又以几乎快出整整2秒的成绩打破了班尼斯特的纪录。此后，有大约800多名运动员打破了4分钟一英里的记录。
several years ago my daughter mimi and i took a crack at running the new york marathon. at the gun 23,000 , runners started -- and 21,244 finished. first place went to a kenyan who completed the race in two hours, 11 minutes and one second. the 21,244th runner to finish was a vietnam veteran. he did it in three days, nine hours and minutes. with no legs, he covered 26.2 miles. after my daughter and i passed him in the first few minutes, we easily found more courage to finish ourselves.
几年前，我和女儿米米参加了纽约马拉松比赛。发令枪一响，,名运动员冲出起跑线—最后有21,244名运动员到达终点。第一名是一位以2小时11分钟零1秒跑完全程的肯尼亚人。第21,244名运动员是一位老兵。他用了3天9小时37分钟跑完全程。没有双腿的他坚持跑完了26.2英里。我和女儿在比赛的最初几分钟内超过了他，当时顿觉勇气倍增，一定要跑完全程。
don't ever let anyone tell you that you can't accomplish your goals. who says you're not tougher, harder working and more able than your competition? you see, a goal is a dream with a deadline: in writing, measurable, identifiable, attainable.
别听旁人说你不能实现自己的目标。谁说你不比你的竞争对手更坚强、更努力、更能干?要知道，所谓目标就是有最后限期的梦想：写成文字，可测量，可确认，可实现。
. find a way to make a difference. in my opinion, the majority of new york cabdrivers are unfriendly, if not downright rude. most of the cabs are filthy, and almost all of them sport an impenetrable, bulletproof partition. but recently i jumped into a cab at laguardia airport and guess what? it was clean. there was beautiful music playing and no partition.
. 想方设法显得与众不同。在我看来，纽约大多数的出租车司机即使不算无礼透顶，至少也是不友好的。车辆大都十分肮脏，几乎所有的车都触目地装有难以穿透的防弹隔离装置。可近日我在拉瓜迪亚机场跳上了一辆出租车，你猜怎么样?车子竟然干干净净。放着优美的音乐，而且没有隔离装置。
"park lane hotel, please," i said to the driver. with a broad smile, he said, "hi, my name is wally," and he handed me a mission statement. a mission statement! it said he would get me there safely, courteously and on time.
“请到帕克街酒店，”我对司机说。他笑容满面地说：“你好，我叫沃利，”他说着递给我一份保证书。一份保证书!上面写着他将安全、礼貌、准时地将我送到目的地。
as we drove off, he held up a choice of newspapers and said, "be my guest." he told me to help myself to the fruit in the basket on the back seat. he held up a cellular phone and said, "it's a dollar a minute if you'd like to make a call."
车开后，他拿出几份报纸说：“请随意翻阅。”他还让我随意品尝后座篮子里的水果。接着他又拿出手机说：“您要是想打电话，每分钟1美元。”
shocked, i blurted, "how long have you been practicing this?" he answered, "three or four years."
我大吃一惊，脱口问道：“你这么做有多久了?”他回答说：“有三、四年了。”
"i know this is prying." i said, "but how much extra money do you earn in tips?"
“我知道不该问，”我说，“可是，你能多挣多少小费?”
"between $, and $, a year!" he responded proudly.
“一年12,000到14,000美元左右，”他得意地回答说。
he doesn't know it, but he's my hero. he's living proof that you can always shift the odds in your favor.
他不知道他成了我心目中的英雄。他就是一个生动的例证，说明你总是可以争取到成功的机会。
my mentor, curt carlson, is the wealthiest man in minnesota, owner of a hotel and travel company with sales in the neighborhood of $ billion. i had to get to a meeting in new york one day, and curt generously offered me a ride in his jet. it happened to be a day minnesota was hit with one of the worst snowstorms in years. minneapolis-st. paul international airport was closed for the first time in decades.
我的良师益友柯特·卡尔森是明尼苏达州的首富，拥有一家酒店和旅行社，营业收入约达亿美元。一次我要去纽约赴会，柯特慷慨地请我乘坐他的私人飞机。碰巧那天明尼苏达州遭受多年不遇的暴风雪袭击。明尼阿波利斯—圣保罗国际机场几十年来第一次关闭。
then, though the storm continued to pound us, the airport opened a runway for small craft only. as we were taxiing down it to take off, curt turned to me and said gleefully, "look, harvey, no tracks in the snow!"
虽然暴风雪仍在肆虐，机场还是特地为小型飞机清出了一条跑道。我们正在跑道上滑行准备起飞时，柯特转过头来兴奋地说：“看哪，哈维，雪地上没有痕迹啊!”
curt carlson, 70 years old at the time, rich beyond anyone's dreams, could still sparkle with excitement about being first.
柯特·卡尔森，当时70年届，富甲一方，竟然还会因为自己是第一个而如此兴奋。
from my standpoint, that's what it's all about. prepare to win. never stop learning. believe in yourself, even when no one else does. find a way to make a difference. then go out and make your own tracks in the snow.
在我看来，这些正是关键之所在。准备去赢。永不中断学习。相信自己，哪怕没人相信你。想方设法显得与众不同。然后就出发，在雪地上留下你自己的足迹。
大学英语教案篇5
steve shladover outlines the benefits to be gained from vehicles that could drive themselves and discusses how this could be achieved.
斯蒂夫·施多弗阐述了能自动运行的车辆的诸多裨益，并详细论述了如何将其变为现实。
intelligent vehicles
智能车辆
steve shladover
斯蒂夫·施多弗
even when cars were still young, futurists began thinking about vehicles that could drive themselves, without human help. perhaps the best known of these conjectures was the general motors futurama, the hit of the new york world's fair. now, at the start of the new century, it's worth taking a fresh look at this concept and asking how automation might change transportation and the quality of our lives.
还在汽车问世之初，未来学家就开始设想无需人来操纵便能自动运行的车辆将是什么样儿的。这类设想最出名的或许是年纽约世界博览会上轰动一时的由通用汽车公司推出的“未来城市风光”。今天，在世纪之初，以新的目光去审视这样的设想，去探讨自动化将如何改变交通以及我们的生活质量，是颇具价值的。
consider some of the implications of cars that could drive themselves.
且来看一看能自动运行的汽车意味着什么。
we might eliminate the more than ninety percent of traffic crashes that are caused by human errors such as misjudgments and inattention.
我们或许能消除%以上由于判断失误以及疏忽等人为因素造成的交通事故。
we might reduce antisocial driving behavior such as road rage, thereby significantly reducing the stress of driving.
我们或许能减少野蛮开车这类有害公众利益的开车行为，从而大大减轻行车压力。
the entire population, including the young, the old, and the infirm, might enjoy a higher level of mobility without requiring advanced driving skills.
社会全体成员，包括老老少少与体弱者，也许都不需习得娴熟的驾车技巧就能较为自由地奔驰了。
the luxury of being chauffeured to your destination might be enjoyed by all, not just the wealthiest individuals.
被开车接送也许会成为世人共同的享受，而不仅仅是最富裕阶层的一种奢侈。
fuel consumption and pollution might be reduced by smoothing traffic flow and running vehicles close enough to each other to benefit from aerodynamic drafting.
车流通畅，相互紧随行驶的车辆能利用前车产生的较小的空气阻力，这些都可能减少油耗和污染。
traffic-management decisions might be based on firm knowledge of vehicle responses to instructions, rather than on guesses about the choices that drivers might make.
交通管理将会建立在充分了解车辆对指令的应变能力的基础上，而非基于对车辆驾驶者可能采取的行动的粗略估测。
the capacity of a freeway lane might be doubled or tripled, making it possible to accommodate growing demands for travel without major new construction, or, equivalently, today's level of congestion might be reduced, enabling travelers to save time.
高速公路的车容量会增加一倍或二倍，使其不必大兴土木就能适应不断增长的行车需求;或者，同样重要地，目前交通拥堵的程度能得到缓解，以使行车者节省时间。
is it feasible?
是否可行?
this is now a realistic prospect. with advances in technology we can readily visualize your trip on an automated highway system.
目前这已成为一个可以实现的希望。随着技术的进步，我们不难设想自动化公路系统上的行车过程。
imagine leaving work at the end of the day and needing to drive only as far as the nearest on-ramp to the local automated highway. at the on-ramp, you press a button on your dashboard to select the off-ramp closest to your home and then relax as your car's electronic systems, in cooperation with roadside electronics and similar systems on other cars, guide your car smoothly, safely, and effortlessly toward your destination. en route you save time by maintaining full speed even at rush-hour traffic volumes. at the end of the off-ramp you resume normal control and drive the remaining distance to your home, better rested and less stressed than if you had driven the entire way.
且来设想，工作一天下班后，只需开车至最近的一个自动公路入口匝道。到了入口匝道，在仪表板上按一下按钮选择离家最近的出口匝道，随后就休息放松，由车上的电子系统与路旁的电子装置以及其他车辆上类似的系统合作，把车平稳、安全、顺畅地开往目的地。即使是在车流量的高峰时段，也能一路全速行驶，从而节省时间。下了出口匝道，再照平常那样驾驶，开过余下的路程回家，那要比自己全程驾驶省力轻松许多。
although many different technical developments are necessary to turn this image into reality, none requires exotic technologies, and all can be based on systems and components that are already being actively developed in the international motor vehicle industry. these could be viewed as replacements for the diverse functions that drivers perform every day: observing the road, observing the preceding vehicles, steering, accelerating, braking, and deciding when and where to change course.
要把这一景象变成现实固然需要各种不同的技术发展，但也无需什么匪夷所思的技术，所有的技术都能以国际车辆制造业正在积极开发研制的各种系统和部件作为基础。这些技术可以被看作是车辆驾驶者日常开车所起各种作用的替代：观察路况，留意前行车辆，掌握方向，加速，刹车，变道。
observing the road
观察路况
researchers have developed a road-reference and sensing system that makes it possible to determine accurately a vehicle's position and orientation relative to the lane's center. cheap permanent magnets are buried at four-foot intervals along the lane centerline and detected by magnetometers mounted under the vehicle's bumpers. . these meters provide the information used by the vehicle's control computer to determine its exact position of the vehicle.
研究人员开发了一种路况参考及传感系统，这些能准确判断车辆的方位及所在车道中心的相应定位。价格低廉的永磁体以英尺的间隔埋设在车道中心线上，车辆保险杆下安装着的磁强计能够测知。这些磁强计向车上的计算机控制台提供信息，以断定车辆的确切方位。
other researchers have used computer vision systems to observe the road. () these are vulnerable to weather problems and provide less accurate measurements, but they do not require special roadway installations, other than well-maintained lane markings.
其他研究人员利用计算机图像系统观察路况。这类系统易受气候变化的影响，提供的数据不够精确，但它们不需要特别的道路设置，只需要将路面标志维护好就行了。
observing preceding vehicles
留意前行车辆
the distances and closing rates to preceding vehicles can be measured by a radar or a laser rangefinder. both technologies have already been implemented in commercially available systems in japan and europe. the laser systems are currently less expensive, but the radar systems are more effective at detecting dirty vehicles and operating in adverse weather conditions. as production volumes increase and unit costs decrease, the radars are likely to find increasing favor.
与前行车辆的车距及接近时的速度可用雷达或激光测距仪测定。这两项技术已经在日本和欧洲投入商业运用。目前激光系统比较便宜，但雷达系统能更加有效地测知野蛮行驶的车辆，能更加安全地在天气恶劣时操作。随着产量的提高，成本的降低，雷达系统将会越来越受欢迎。
steering, accelerating and braking
掌握方向、加速和刹车
the equivalents of these driver muscle functions are electromechanical devices installed in the automated vehicle. they receive electronic commands from the onboard control computer and then apply the appropriate steering angle, throttle angle, and brake pressure by means of small electric motors. early versions of these devices are already being introduced into production of vehicles, where they receive their commands directly from the driver's inputs to the steering wheel and pedals. these decisions are being made for reasons largely unrelated to automation. rather they are associated with reduced energy consumption, simplification of vehicle design, enhanced ease of vehicle assembly, improved ability to adjust performance to match driver preferences, and cost savings compared to traditional direct mechanical control devices.
相当于车辆驾驶者肌功能的是安置在自动车辆上的电动机械装置。它们接收车上计算机控制台发出的电子指令，再凭借小型电力发动机恰当地控制方向、油门大小以及刹车紧急程度。车辆生产已经采用这类装置的最初样本，它们通过驾驶者给方向盘和踏板的输入信息直接获得指令。决定开发这类产品大都与自动化无关。与之有关的因素有降低能耗、简化车辆设计、进一步提高车辆装配效率、改善根据车辆驾驶者的喜好调节性能的能力，以及低于传统的机械直控装置的成本等。
deciding when and where to change course
决定何时何处变道
computers in the vehicles and those at the roadside have different functions. roadside computers are better suited for traffic management, setting the target speed for each segment and lane of roadway, and allocating vehicles to different lanes of a multilane automated facility. the aim is to maintain balanced flow among the lanes and to avoid obstacles or incidents that might block a lane. the vehicle's onboard computers are better suited to handling decisions about exactly when and where to change lanes to avoid interference with other vehicles.
车用计算机与路边装置的计算机功能不同。路边设置的计算机更适用于交通管理，如为不同路段和车道设定限速，通过多车道自动化设施为车辆安排不同的车道。其目的是使各车道的车流量保持平衡，避免可能堵塞车道的障碍或事故。车用计算机更适用于精确地判断在什么时间和位置改变车道，以避免与其他车辆碰撞。
remaining challenges
尚存的挑战
there remain a number of difficulties to be overcome. these are mainly technical, but there are in addition a number of nontechnical challenges that need to be addressed. these involve issues of liability, costs, and perceptions.
尚有许多困难有待克服。主要是技术性难题，但此外也有不少非技术性的挑战需要面对，其中包括行车责任、成本以及观念等问题。
automated control of vehicles shifts liability for most crashes from the individual driver (and his or her insurance company) to the designer, developer, and vendor of the vehicle and roadway control systems. provided the system is indeed safer than today's driver-vehicle-highway system, overall liability exposure should be reduced. but its costs will be shifted from automobile insurance premiums to the purchase or lease price of the automated vehicle and toll for use of the automated highway facility.
车辆的自动控制把大多数事故的责任从车辆驾驶者个人(及其保险公司)转移到设计者、研制者以及车辆和道路控制系统的经销商身上。如果这一系统的确比当今的车辆驾驶者—车辆—公路系统安全，总体责任风险就会减少。但其成本会从汽车保险金转移到自动车辆的售价或租金，以及自动公路设施的使用费上来。
all new technologies tend to be costly when they first become available in small quantities, then their costs decline as production volumes increase and the technologies mature. we should expect vehicle automation technologies to follow the same pattern. they may initially be economically viable only for heavy vehicles (transit buses, commercial trucks) and high-end passenger cars. however, it should not take long for the costs to become affordable to a wide range of vehicle owners and operators, especially with many of the enabling technologies already being commercialized for volume production today.
任何新技术在最初小批量供应时都相对昂贵，以后随着产量的增长与技术的完善，成本就会降低。我们相信车辆自动控制技术也将遵循这一模式。从经济角度考虑，这类技术在最初阶段或许只能应用于重型车辆(如公交车、货运卡车)和高级客车。然而，不用多久，其成本就能为广大车辆拥有者和驾驶者所接受，尤其是目前不少可以应用的技术已经走向市场，开始了批量生产。
the largest impediment to introduction of electronic chauffeuring may turn out to be the general perception that it's more difficult and expensive to implement than it really is. if political and industrial decision makers perceive automated driving to be too futuristic, they will not pay it the attention it deserves and will not invest their resources toward accelerating its deployment. the perception could thus become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
电子驾驶应用的障碍可能在于一种普遍的观念，认为这一技术的应用比实际情况更困难，更昂贵。如果政治决策者和企业决策者认为自动驾驶过于超前，他们就不会予以应有的关注，就不会投入资源，促使其早日为人们利用。这样的话，这一观念就可能成为一种终将实现的预言。
it is important to recognize that automated vehicles are already carrying millions of passengers every day. most major airports have automated people movers that transfer passengers among terminal buildings. urban transit lines in paris, london, vancouver, lyon, and lille, among others, are operating with completely automated, driverless vehicles; some have been doing so for more than a decade. modern commercial aircraft operate on autopilot for much of the time, and they also land under automatic control at suitably equipped airports on a regular basis.
重要的是，要看到，每天已有千百万人乘坐自动化车辆。大多数颇具规模的机场都有自动控制的客车把乘客从一个航站楼转到另一个航站楼。不少城市公交线路，如巴黎、伦敦、温哥华、里昂和里尔等，都是由全自动控制的无人驾驶车辆运行的，有些已运行了十多年。现代商用飞机大多时间是由自动驾驶仪操纵的，在装备完善的机场，这些飞机一向在自动控制指挥下着陆。
given all of this experience in implementing safe automated transportation systems, it is not such a large leap to develop road vehicles that can operate under automatic control. that should be a realistic goal for the next decade. the transportation system will thus gain substantial benefits from the revolution in information technology.
考虑到所有这些安全运用自动化交通运输系统的经验，开发由自动控制操纵的公路车辆算不上什么大的飞跃。这应该是未来十年中的一个现实目标，交通运输系统也就会大大得益于信息技术革命。
大学英语教案篇6
一、学生情况分析
四年级学生已有了一年的英语基础，一些常用单词都已经会说，但学生的基础不一，出现了两极分化的现象。本学期要使用各种方法，关注英语基础不好的学生，减少差异，让所有的学生都有所收获。所以本学期我注重面向全体学生，以学生的发展为宗旨，始终把激发学生的学习兴趣放在首位，引导学生端正学习态度，掌握良好的学习方法，培养学生良好的学习习惯。
二、 教学目的任务：
本册英语中，我们继续学习介绍朋友们，学习如何表述正在进行的动作，如何表达自己生活中遇到的问题，如何与他人进行讨论。
1.能听读辨认语音，培养学生听说能力。
2.能按四会要求掌握所学的词汇，句型，掌握语言材料。
3.能按要求会读，会说，听懂，会写日常交际用语，提高学生语言运用能力。4.能进一步感知理解语法，掌握初步的语法知识。
三、教材分析
本册教材分11个模块，内含一个复习模块，每个模块分为两个单元。第一单元呈现本模块所要学习的语言内容，第二单元提供若干任务型练习。在本书中，将进一步学习如何表达正在发生的事情和将要做的事情，如何询问和说明能力，如何获得允许，如何谈论体育比赛和旅游等活动，如何表达数字13—20以及12个月份。
四、教材重点、难点
1、能掌握所学单词。
2、能掌握所学句型。
3、能使用日常交际用语，活用句型，进行简单的交流，做到大胆开口，发音正确。
4、能在图片、手势、情境等非语言提示的帮助下，听懂清晰的话语和录音。
5、初步培养良好的书写习惯，能做到书写整洁、规范。
五、教学突破点和创新点：
本学期的教学内容包含了一些新的语言现象，如描述正在进行的动作，;比较两个事物等。关于描述正在进行的动作和状态，要分阶段反复进行，要坚持大容量，长时间的输入。本学期要让学生掌握必要的语言知识，形成必需的应用语言的能力。
六、主要的教学措施
1、备好课是上好课的`关键。每一节课都要紧密联系学生学习的实际情况，认真备课，写出具有实际意义的教案，教学反思与教学随笔。
2、根据每一个单元不同的特点，确定不同的教法与教学手段，为学生提供空间表演，练习说所学的内容，让所学真正所用，达到学以致用的目的。
3、充分利用现代化各种教学手段，将多媒体、动画等学生喜欢的东西搬入课堂，丰富课堂，使课堂活起来，让每一个学生都能够参与到各项活动中来，锻炼学生的表演、会话、合作等能力。
4、创设英语环境，建设有特色的英语校园文化，使学生所见、所闻处处皆英语，并鼓励学生在日常生活中发现英语、创造性地收信身边的英语学习资料，开阔眼界，增长知识。
七、预期目标：
1、提升学生学习英语的兴趣，养成良好的朗读书写习惯。
2、发音准确、朗读流利，准确掌握书中的重点内容。
